Previsores de falha da colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica na limpeza de cálculos do ducto biliar durante o procedimento inicial - Um estudo prospectivo / Predictors of failure of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in clearing bile duct stones during index procedure - a prospective study

ABSTRACT Background: Common bile duct (CBD) stones are known to complicate 10-15% of gallstone diseases. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the therapeutic modality of choice for bile duct clearance in CBD stones but may fail to achieve stone clearance. This prospective study was done to identify the predictors of failure of CBD clearance with ERCP. Objective: This prospective study was done to identify the predictors of failure of CBD clearance with ERCP. Methods: All consecutive patients with bile duct stones undergoing ERCP at a tertiary care center were prospectively included from October 2020 to October 2021. The study's primary outcome was to identify and analyze factors that could predict the failure of complete CBD clearance. Results: A total of 120 patients (50.8% males, median age: 53.5 years) were included in the final analysis. Successful clearance of CBD stones during the index procedure was achieved in 70% of patients. At a cut-off stone diameter of >10.5 mm and CBD diameter of >12.5 mm, the AUC was 0.890 and 0.884, respectively, to predict failed clearance of CBD. On multivariate analysis, stone diameter ≥15 mm [odds ratio (OR) 16.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.629-176.785], location of stones in hepatic ducts (OR 7.74, 95%CI: 2.041-29.332), presence of stricture distal to stone (OR 6.99, 95%CI: 1.402-34.726) and impacted stone (OR 21.61, 95%CI: 1.84-253.058) were independent predictors of failed bile duct clearance. Conclusion: Stone size and location are independent predictors of failed bile duct clearance. The endoscopist should consider these factors while subjecting a patient to biliary ductal clearance to plan additional intervention.

RESUMO Contexto: Cálculos do ducto biliar comum (CDC) são conhecidos por complicar 10-15% das doenças de cálculos biliares. A colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) é a modalidade terapêutica de escolha para a limpeza do CDC, mas pode falhar na sua remoção. Objetivo: Este estudo prospectivo foi realizado para identificar os previsores de falha na limpeza do CDC com CPRE. Métodos: Pacientes consecutivos com cálculos no ducto biliar submetidos a CPRE em um centro de atendimento terciário foram incluídos prospectivamente de outubro de 2020 a outubro de 2021. O principal resultado do estudo foi identificar e analisar fatores que poderiam prever a falha na limpeza completa do CDC. Resultados: Um total de 120 pacientes (50,8% homens, idade média: 53,5 anos) foram incluídos na análise final. A limpeza bem-sucedida dos cálculos de CDC durante o procedimento inicial foi alcançada em 70% dos pacientes. Com um diâmetro de corte de cálculos >10,5 mm e de diâmetro de CDC de >12,5 mm, a AUC foi de 0,890 e 0,884, respectivamente, para prever a falha na limpeza do CDC. Na análise multivariada, diâmetro da cálculos ≥15 mm [razão de chances (OR) 16,97, intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC): 1,629-176,785], localização dos cálculos nos ductos hepáticos (OR 7,74, IC95%: 2,041-29,332), presença de estreitamento distal ao cálculo (OR 6,99, IC95%: 1,402-34,726) e cálculo impactado (OR 21,61, IC95%: 1,84-253,058) foram previsores independentes de falha na limpeza do ducto biliar. Conclusão: O tamanho e a localização dos cálculos são previsores independentes de falha na limpeza do ducto biliar. O endoscopista deve considerar esses fatores ao submeter um paciente à limpeza ductal biliar para planejar intervenção adicional.

Litiasis masiva de la vía biliar intra y extra hepática. Reporte de 2 casos / Massive intra- and extra-hepatic bile duct lithiasis. Report of 2 cases

Resumen La presencia conjunta y masiva de cálculos biliares de la vía biliar, tanto intra como extra hepática, es una rara entidad dentro de la población occidental. A continuación, se presentan 2 casos, los cuales debutan con cuadro clínico de dolor en hipocondrio derecho y con datos clínicos y de laboratorio de obstrucción de la vía biliar, y que mediante estudio de colangio resonancia, se evidencian múltiples litos endoluminales de la vía biliar de manera global, además se muestra del tratamiento de uno de los casos mediante CPRE con evacuación exitosa de los cálculos biliares.

Abstract The joint and massive presence of gallstones from the bile duct, both intra and extra hepatic, is a rare entity within the western population. Two cases are presented below, which debuted with a clinical picture of pain in the right hypo chondrium and with a clinical picture of pain in the right hypochondrium and with clinical and laboratory data of bile duct obstruction, and that by means of a resonance cholangiography study, multiple endoluminal stones of the bile duct are evidenced. Overall, it also shows the treatment of one of the cases by ERCP with successful evacuation of the gallstones.

Migración de endoprótesis biliar. Del olvido a su recuperación / Biliary stent migration. From oblivion to recovery

RESUMEN La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) es un procedimiento invasivo para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad biliopancreática. Entre sus complicaciones más infrecuentes se encuentra la migración proximal y distal de la endoprótesis biliar. Las escasas publicaciones sobre tal complicación motivaron la redacción de este artículo. Nuestro objetivo principal fue presentar dos casos clínicos de migración de endoprótesis biliar plástica, su manejo y resolución. Consideramos importante resaltar la necesidad del registro y seguimiento de los pacientes en quienes se colocaron endoprótesis biliares, para la prevención de su olvido más allá del tiempo recomendado de permanencia, y evitar así complicaciones tardías, ya que "la ignorancia no es la felicidad".

ABSTRACT Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an invasive procedure for the diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract and pancreatic duct diseases. Proximal and distal stent migration is a rare complication. The paucity of publications on this issue motivated this article. The main aim of this study was to describe two case reports of migration of biliary plastic stents, how they were managed and solved. We believe it is important to emphasize the need for recording and monitoring patients who have undergone biliary stent placement, to avoid leaving the stent in situ beyond the recommended time, and thus avoid late complications, since "ignorance is not bliss".

Application of SpyGlass endoscopic direct visualization system in complicated biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation / 器官移植

Objective To evaluate the application efficacy of SpyGlass endoscopic direct visualization system in management of complex biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 369 adult patients with biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation who received endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for the first time were retrospectively analyzed. Preoperative conditions, intraoperative manifestations, treatment outcomes and complications of patients treated with SpyGlass system were analyzed. Results Fifty-six patients were treated with SpyGlass system. The main preoperative symptoms included abdominal discomfort in 38 cases, fever in 8 cases, jaundice in 6 cases and skin itching in 4 cases. Ultrasound examination in 18 patients indicated common bile duct stenosis and significant intrahepatic bile duct dilatation. Preoperative magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) of 56 patients revealed that 36 cases were diagnosed with common bile duct stenosis complicated with stones, 16 cases of common bile duct stenosis alone and 4 cases of suspected tumors. All patients had definite indications for SpyGlass system treatment. Among 56 patients treated with SpyGlass system, 34 cases were diagnosed with anastomotic stricture complicated with stones, 12 cases of anastomotic stricture alone, 1 case of biliary stone and 4 cases of tumors. Among 48 cases who were successfully treated, the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, γ-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase and total bilirubin at postoperative 48 h were all significantly lower than preoperative levels (all P<0.05). No severe complications occurred in 56 patients treated with SpyGlass system. Conclusions Use of SpyGlass system may significantly increase success rate and guarantee surgical safety in the treatment of complex biliary complications after liver transplantation, which is worthy of promotion and application.

Cisteína oral N-Acetyl versus indometacina retal para prevenção de pancreatite pós-CPRE: um ensaio controlado randomizado multinacional multicêntrico / Oral n-acetyl cysteine versus rectal indomethacin for prevention of post ercp pancreatitis: a multicenter multinational randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Background This multicenter multinational RCT designed to compare the efficacy of suppository indomethacin and NAC for prevention of PEP. Methods: During a 6-month period, all of the ERCP cases in seven referral centers were randomly assigned to receive either 1200 mg oral NAC, indomethacin suppository 100 mg, 1200 mg oral NAC plus indomethacin suppository 100 mg or placebo 2 hours before ERCP. The primary outcomes were the rate and severity of any PEP. Results: A total of 432 patients included (41.4% male). They were originally citizens of 6 countries (60.87% Caucasian). They were randomly allocated to receive either NAC (group A, 84 cases), rectal indomethacin (group B, 138 cases), NAC + rectal indomethacin (group C, 115 cases) or placebo (group D, 95 cases). The rate of PEP in groups A, B and C in comparison with placebo were 10.7%, 17.4%, 7.8% vs 20% (P=0.08, 0.614 & 0.01 respectively). The NNT for NAC, indomethacin and NAC + indomethacin was 11, 38 and 8 respectively. Conclusion: Oral NAC is more effective than rectal indomethacin when compared to placebo for prevention of PEP and the combination of NAC and Indomethacin had the lowest incidence of PEP and may have synergistic effect in preventing of PEP (IRCT20201222049798N1; 29/12/2020).

RESUMO Contexto: Este estudo randomizado, controlado multicêntrico e multinacional foi projetado para comparar a eficácia da indometacina supositório e N-acetil cisteína (NAC) para prevenção de pancreatite pós colangiografia endoscópica. Métodos: Durante um período de 6 meses, todos os pacientes submetidos à CPRE em sete centros de referência foram aleatoriamente atribuídos para receber 1200 mg de NAC oral, supositório de indometacina 100 mg, 1200 mg de NAC oral mais supositório de indometacina 100 mg ou placebo 2 horas antes do procedimento. Os resultados primários foram a taxa e a gravidade de qualquer pancreatite pós procedimento (PPP). Resultados: Um total de 432 pacientes foram incluídos (41,4% do sexo masculino). Eram originalmente cidadãos de seis países (60,87% caucasianos). Foram alocados aleatoriamente para receber NAC (grupo A, 84 casos), indometacina retal (grupo B, 138 casos), NAC + indometacina retal (grupo C, 115 casos) ou placebo (grupo D, 95 casos). A taxa de PPP nos grupos A, B e C em comparação com o placebo foi de 10,7%, 17,4%, 7,8% vs 20% (P=0,08, 0,614 e 0,01, respectivamente). Conclusão A NAC oral é mais eficaz do que a indometacina retal quando comparado ao placebo para prevenção de PPP e a combinação de NAC e indometacina teve a menor incidência de PPP e pode ter efeito sinérgico na sua prevenção de PPP. (IRCT20201222049798N1; 29/12/2020).

Experiencia del manejo por colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica de las fístulas biliares poscolecistectomía en un hospital de referencia en Colombia / Experience in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography management of postcholecystectomy biliary leak in a Colombian referral hospital

Resumen Introducción: la fistula biliar poscolecistectomía es poco frecuente. El manejo principalmente es endoscópico, pero en la literatura no hay consenso en la técnica de primera línea entre papilotomía, prótesis biliar o su combinación. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional tipo serie de casos en el que se incluyeron todas las CPRE realizadas en el Hospital Universitario San Ignacio en Bogotá, Colombia, entre enero de 2010 y marzo del 2021 por fistula biliar posterior a colecistectomía. Se registraron las características demográficas, manifestaciones clínicas, resolución, eventos adversos y estancia hospitalaria según la técnica endoscópica. Resultados: se incluyeron 24 pacientes con fistula biliar poscolecistectomía que se manejaron con CPRE. La mediana de edad fue de 59 años (rango intercuartílico [RIC]: 53,5-67). En el 75% el tipo de cirugía fue laparoscópica. La manifestación clínica más frecuente fue aumento del drenaje biliar > 150 mL/24 horas (50%), seguido de dolor abdominal (39%). La principal localización fue el conducto cístico en el 40%. El manejo con papilotomía fue del 25%; con prótesis biliar, 8,4%, y combinado, 66%; la resolución de la fístula ocurrió en el 100%, 50% y 87%, respectivamente, con menor estancia hospitalaria en el manejo combinado de 3,5 días frente a 4 días en papilotomía. Solo se presentó 1 evento adverso de hemorragia en el grupo de papilotomía. Conclusión: la papilotomía y la terapia combinada son opciones terapéuticas con buenas tasas de resolución y baja estancia hospitalaria para el manejo de las fistulas biliares poscolecistectomía. Se requerirán estudios prospectivos, aleatorizados y multicéntricos para definir la técnica con mejores desenlaces clínicos.

Abstract Introduction: Postcholecystectomy biliary leak is rare. Management is mainly endoscopic, but in the literature, there is no consensus on the first-line technique between sphincterotomy, biliary stent, or combination. Materials and methods: A case series study was conducted that included all ERCP performed at the San Ignacio University Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, between January 2010 and March 2021 due to biliary leak after cholecystectomy. Demographic characteristics, clinical manifestations, resolution, adverse events, and hospital length stay were recorded according to the endoscopic technique. Results: 24 patients with postcholecystectomy biliary leak managed with ERCP were included. The median age was 59 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 53.5-67). In 75% the surgery was laparoscopic. The most frequent clinical manifestation was increased biliary drainage > 150 mL/24 hours (50%), followed by abdominal pain (39%). The main fistula's location was the cystic duct in 40%. Management with sphincterotomy was 25%, with a biliary stent, 8.4%, and combined, 66%; leak resolution occurred in 100%, 50%, and 87%, respectively, with a shorter hospital length stay in the combined management of 3.5 days compared to four days in sphincterotomy. Only one adverse bleeding event occurred in the sphincterotomy group. Conclusion: Sphincterotomy and combined therapy are options with reasonable resolution rates and low hospital length stay for managing postcholecystectomy biliary leak. Prospective, randomized, and multicenter trials will be required to define the best technique.

Hematoma subcapsular hepático posterior a colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Subcapsular hepatic hematoma after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: a case report and review of the literature

RESUMEN La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) es considerado actualmente un procedimiento diagnóstico y terapéutico en lesiones obstructivas del tracto biliar sobretodo coledocolitiasis y estenosis, así como en enfermedades pancreáticas en general. Sin embargo, es conocido el desarrollo de ciertas complicaciones tales como pancreatitis aguda, colangitis aguda, colecistitis entre otras de menor incidencia dentro de las cuales el hematoma subcapsular hepático toma relevancia por su elevada mortalidad. Presentamos el caso de un paciente varón de 52 años que luego de tres horas de ser sometido a CPRE desarrolla dolor abdominal de inicio repentino con reducción importante del hematocrito, y mediante estudio de imágenes se evidencia un hematoma subcapsular hepático. Es manejado inicialmente de forma conservadora y luego se procede a un drenaje percutáneo, evidenciándose posteriormente contenidos residuales en descenso mediante seguimiento radiológico.

ABSTRACT Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is currently considered a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in obstructive lesions of the biliary tract, especially choledocholithiasis and stenosis, as well as in pancreatic diseases in general. However, it is known the development of certain complications such as acute pancreatitis, acute cholangitis, cholecystitis among others of lower incidence within which the hepatic subcapsular hematoma takes relevance due to its high mortality. We present the case of a 52-year-old male patient who three hours after undergoing ERCP develops abdominal pain of sudden onset with significant reduction of hematocrit, and imaging study shows a hepatic subcapsular hematoma. He was initially managed conservatively and then proceeded to a percutaneous drainage, subsequently showing residual descending contents by radiological follow-up.

Preliminary exploration of SpyGlass direct visualization system in diagnosis and treatment of biliary stricture after liver transplantation / 器官移植

Objective To preliminarily evaluate the application value of SpyGlass direct visualization system in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary stricture after liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 4 patients presenting with biliary stricture after liver transplantation who underwent SpyGlass direct visualization system examination were collected. The examination, treatment and prognosis of biliary stricture were analyzed. Results The examination results of color Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) in 4 patients suggested biliary anastomotic stricture with intrahepatic biliary dilatation, and 2 of them were complicated with intrahepatic biliary calculi. Repeated placement of biliary stent under ERCP yielded poor effect in 3 cases. SpyGlass direct visualization system examination hinted biliary anastomotic stricture in 4 patients, 3 cases of intrahepatic biliary dilatation, 3 cases of intrahepatic biliary calculi, 2 cases of purulent bile and 3 cases of floccules within the biliary tract, 1 case of congestion and edema of biliary tract wall and 2 cases of local epithelial necrosis and stiffness changes of intrahepatic biliary tract wall. The wire could not be inserted in 1 patient due to severe biliary anastomotic stricture. Four patients were treated with biliary stricture resection + biliary stone removal + biliary end-to-end anastomosis, biliary stricture resection + biliary-intestinal anastomosis, ERCP lithotomy + biliary metal stent implantation, and biliary metal stent implantation + percutaneous transhepatic bile duct lithotomy, respectively. Relevant symptoms were relieved without evident complications. All patients survived during the follow-up until the submission date. Conclusions Compared with traditional imaging examination, SpyGlass direct visualization system may more directly display the morphological characteristics of biliary tract wall and structural changes within biliary tract cavity, which is an effective examination tool for biliary stricture after liver transplantation. In addition, individualized treatment methods may be adopted for different biliary tract diseases, which is expected to improve clinical prognosis of patients.

Comprehensive minimally invasive treatment for biliary anastomotic stenosis after orthotopic liver transplantation: a single center analysis of 60 cases / 器官移植

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)-based comprehensive minimally invasive treatment for biliary anastomotic stenosis (BAS) after liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 60 BAS recipients after liver transplantation were retrospectively analyzed, 54 male and 6 female, aged (48±10) years. ERCP was initially carried out. If it succeeded, plastic or metallic stents were placed into the biliary tract. If it failed, percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage (PTCD) or single-operator cholangioscopy (SpyGlass) was adopted to pass through the stenosis. If all these procedures failed, magnetic anastomosis or other special methods were delivered. The incidence and treatment of BAS after liver transplantation were summarized. The efficacy, stent removal and recurrence were observed. Results The median time of incidence of BAS after liver transplantation was 8 (4, 13) months. Within postoperative 1 year, 1-2 years and over 2 years, 39, 16 and 5 recipients were diagnosed with BAS, respectively. All 60 BAS recipients after liver transplantation were successfully treated, including 56 cases initially receiving ERCP, and 41 completing BAS treatment, with a success rate of 73%. The failure of guide wire was the main cause of ERCP failure. The success rates of PTCD, SpyGlass and magnetic anastomosis were 5/9, 5/7 and 7/8, respectively. Two recipients were successfully treated by percutaneous choledochoscope-assisted blunt guide wire technique and stent placement in the biliary and duodenal fistula. After 3 (3, 4) cycles of ERCP and 13 (8, 18) months of stent indwelling, 38 recipients reached the stent removal criteria, including 25 plastic stents and 13 metallic stents. The indwelling time of plastic stents was longer than that of metallic stents (P < 0.05). Six cases suffered from stenosis recurrence at 12 (8, 33) months after stent removal, and the recurrence rate was 16%. Six patients were treated with ERCP, and 5 of them did not recur after the stents were successfully removed. Multivariate analysis showed that delayed diagnosis of stenosis and frequent ERCP before stent removal were the independent risk factors for BAS recurrence (both P < 0.05). Conclusions ERCP-based comprehensive minimally invasive treatment may improve the success rate of BAS treatment after liver transplantation and yield satisfactory long-term efficacy. Delayed diagnosis of BAS and high frequent ERCP required for stent removal are the independent risk factors for BAS recurrence.

Diagnosis and treatment of common biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation in adults / 器官移植

Liver transplantation has become an effective treatment for end-stage liver diseases. With rapid development of surgical techniques, donor selection, organ preservation and transportation, immunosuppressants and perioperative management, the overall incidence of complications after liver transplantation has been significantly decreased, whereas the incidence of biliary complications remains relatively high. At present, biliary complications after liver transplantation are still an important cause of graft failure. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of biliary complications remain controversial, which are also research hotspots in the field of organ transplantation in recent years. In this article, new breakthrough and research progress upon biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation in adults were reviewed, aiming to provide theoretical basis for resolving biliary complications-related clinical issues.

A retrospective comparative study between early (≤ 72 hrs) and late (> 72 hrs) Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy after ERCP in St. Paul’s Hospital Iloilo

Objective@#The study was performed to assess and compare the effect of early (≤ 72 hours) and late (>72 hours) laparoscopic cholecystectomy after Endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP) in terms of duration of operation, conversion to open cholecystectomy, intraoperative complicating factors, duration of hospital stay from the date of ERCP, hospital expenses, and presence of postoperative complications.@*Methods@#This is a retrospective study from 2010 up to July 2019. Outcomes (duration of operation, rate of conversion, intraoperative complicating factors, length of hospital stay, hospital expenses and post-operative complications) were compared between patients who had ERCP then cholecystectomy within 72 hours (Early Group) and those who had ERCP then cholecystectomy after more than 72 hours (Late Group). @*Results@#A total of 19 patients were included in this study. There were 10 patients in the Early Group and 9 in the Late Group. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy after ERCP had a shorter statistically significant duration of hospital. Shorter operative time, fewer intraoperative complicating factors, no conversion to open cholecystectomy, cheaper hospital expenses and no post-operative complications were also noted in the Early Group as compared to the Late Group.@*Conclusion@#Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is safe and results in a shorter hospital stay compared to late laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Efficacy of ERCP in Case of Choledocholithiasis and Incidence of Pancreatitis

ERCP has largely replaced open and laparoscopic surgery in management of common bile duct stones. After endoscopic procedure pancreatitis is the most common complication. The purpose of this study was to know effectiveness of ERCP and its complications. In this study, conducted at CIVIL Hospital Ahmedabad during May 2018 to October 2020, total 50 patients underwent ERCP with choledocholithiasis with or without gall stone disease. Out of 50 patients, number of females being 29(58%), maximum distribution found in age group 41 to 60. Out years of 50, successfully stone removed in 44(88%) patients and sphincterotomy done in 45(90%) patients and stenting done in all 50 patients. Out of 50, patients underwent ERCP 4(8%) developed pancreatitis. ERCP is important modality for diagnosis and removal of common bile duct stones and only few patients developed different complications including pancreatitis.

Canulação biliar difícil: devemos tentar uma segunda CPRE após uma fistulotomia papilar mal-sucedida? / Difficult biliary cannulation: should we always try a second ercp after a failed needle-knife fistulotomy?

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: A successful bile duct cannulation is a prerequisite for the realization of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). When biliary cannulation is not possible, needle-knife fistulotomy (NKF) can be performed. However, when biliary access is not successfully achieved even after performing NKF, it is possible to interrupt the procedure, and repeat the ERCP after a short interval. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze if repeating an ERCP after a short interval of 48 hours is effective in achieving biliary access after an initial NKF was unsuccessfully performed. METHODS: A total of 1024 patients with a naive papilla, that underwent ERCP between the years of 2009-2019, were retrospectively reviewed. Difficult biliary cannulation was identified in 238 of these cases and NKF was performed. Success of biliary cannulation, NKF success at the first and second ERCPs, the associations between the type of the papilla, biliary dilatation, and overall success of NKF and adverse events rates were evaluated. RESULTS: Biliary access was initially achieved in 183 (76.8%) cases. Of the 55 (23.1%) remaining cases a second attempt was performed after 48 hours, and biliary access was successfully achieved in 46 (83.6%) of them. The overall success of NKF after the first and second ERCP, the success rate was 96.2%. Papilla located out of its normal position was related to a minor chance of success at NKF (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that when biliary access is not achieved after the performance of a NKF, a second attempt is safe and effective and should be attempted.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A canulação biliar de sucesso é pré-requisito para a realização da colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE). Quando a canulação biliar não é possível, a fistulotomia com auxílio do cateter Needle-Knife (NKF) pode ser realizada. Entretanto, quando o acesso biliar não é atingido mesmo após a realização de um NKF, é possível optar-se pela interrupção do procedimento, e pela repetição da CPRE após curto intervalo de 48 horas. OBJETIVO: O objetivo desse estudo é analisar se a repetição da CPRE após um curto intervalo de 48 horas é efetivo em atingir o acesso biliar, quando um NKF foi realizado inicialmente sem sucesso. MÉTODOS: Um total de 1024 pacientes com papila virgem de tratamento, submetidos à CPRE entre os anos de 2009-2019, foram retrospectivamente analisados. Canulação biliar difícil foi identificada em 238 deles, e NKF foi então realizado. Foram avaliadas as taxas de sucesso durante a canulação biliar, assim como durante a realização de NKF na primeira e segunda CPREs. A associação entre o tipo de papila, dilatação biliar e o sucesso final na realização do NFK também foi avaliada, assim como a presença de eventos adversos associados à realização do NKF. RESULTADOS: Dentre todos os NKF realizados, acesso biliar foi inicialmente atingido em 183 (76,8%) casos. Os 55 (23,1%) casos restantes, foram submetidos a uma segunda CPRE após 48 horas e o acesso biliar foi atingido em 46 (83,6%) deles, resultando em uma taxa final de sucesso, após a primeira e segunda CPREs, de 96,2%. Papila localizada fora da sua posição habitual foi relacionada a menor chance de sucesso durante a realização de NKF (P<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que quando o acesso biliar não pode ser atingido após a realização de um NKF, uma segunda CPRE é segura, efetiva e deve ser realizada.

Ultrasonido endoscópico (USE) y colangio-pancreatografía endoscópica retrógrada (CPRE) sin fluoroscopia en el tratamiento de la coledocolitiasis durante el embarazo: reporte de 2 casos / Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) without fluoroscopy for the treatment of choledocholithiasis during pregnancy: Report of 2 cases

Resumen La enfermedad litiásica biliar es una patología frecuente en mujeres embarazadas, y las complicaciones relacionadas con los cálculos biliares durante el embarazo pueden generar desenlaces adversos tanto en la madre como en el feto. La coledocolitiasis en el embarazo requiere de una aproximación diagnóstica adecuada y su manejo busca minimizar los riesgos de las intervenciones médicas. Se describen dos casos de mujeres embarazadas quienes presentan coledocolitiasis documentada por colangiorresonancia. Se realizó el tratamiento con la combinación de ultrasonido endoscópico (USE) y colangiopancreatografía endoscópica retrógrada (CPRE) sin fluoroscopia, con lo cual se logró resolver la coledocolitiasis sin exponer al feto a radiación ionizante, se confirmó la permeabilización del colédoco y se observó una adecuada evolución posoperatoria tanto materna como fetal.

Abstract Biliary lithiasis is a common condition in pregnant women, and complications related to gallstones during pregnancy can lead to adverse outcomes in both the mother and the fetus. Choledocholithiasis during pregnancy requires an adequate diagnostic approach to minimize the risks of medical interventions. The following are two cases of pregnant women with choledocholithiasis diagnosed using magnetic resonance cholangiography. Treatment included a combination of endoscopic ultrasound and retrograde endoscopic cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) without fluoroscopy, achieving the resolution of choledocholithiasis, without exposing the fetus to ionizing radiation, confirming the permeabilization of the common bile duct, and observing an adequate postoperative evolution of both the mother and the fetus.

Profilaxia da pancreatite pós-colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica: avaliação de dois regimes com AINEs diferentes / Post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis prophylaxis: evaluation of two different nsaid regimens

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a widely used therapeutic modality for the pancreaticobiliary tree. However, it is responsible for the highest rates of complications among the endoscopic procedures, especially post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis. The preventive methods include mechanical and pharmacological approaches, such as the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of two different strategies using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis, and to clarify the uncertainty about the route of administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the prevention of this complication. METHODS: This was a prospective trial. Two therapeutic groups were compared with a control group that was composed of patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, performed in the same service and by the same team in the period preceding the study (historical series), without the administration of any type of prophylaxis. The first group received 100 mg rectal diclofenac. The second group received 100 mg intravenous ketoprofen. Both groups were compared, separately and jointly, with the control group. RESULTS: Post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis occurred in 4.39% (12/273) of the participants. In the group without prophylaxis, the incidence was 6.89% (10/145). Among those who received intravenous ketoprofen, the incidence was 2.56% (2/78). No cases of acute post-procedural pancreatitis were observed in the group that received rectal diclofenac (0/52). Although there was no statistical difference between the therapeutic groups when they were separately analyzed, a statistical difference in the prevention of post-procedural pancreatitis was observed when they were analyzed together (P=0.037). CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence for the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the prophylaxis of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) é uma modalidade terapêutica amplamente utilizada para vias biliopancreáticas, responsável pelas taxas mais elevadas de complicações entre os procedimentos endoscópicos, especialmente a pancreatite pós-CPRE (PPC). Os métodos preventivos incluem abordagens mecânicas e farmacológicas, entre elas, a utilização de antinflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs). OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficácia de duas estratégias diferentes utilizando AINEs para a prevenção de PPC. Elucidar o cenário incerto sobre a via de administração do AINEs na prevenção da PPC. MÉTODOS - Ensaio clínico prospectivo. Duas estratégias terapêuticas foram comparadas a um grupo controle, composto por pacientes submetidos a CPRE no mesmo serviço e com a mesma equipe no período anterior ao estudo (série histórica), que não recebeu qualquer tipo de profilaxia. O primeiro grupo experimental recebeu 100 mg de diclofenaco via retal, o segundo grupo recebeu 100 mg de cetoprofeno endovenoso. Ambos os grupos foram comparados separadamente e em associação com o grupo de controle. RESULTADOS: A PPC ocorreu em 4,39% (12/273) dos participantes. No grupo sem profilaxia, esta incidência foi de 6,89% (10/145); entre os que receberam cetoprofeno endovenoso foi de 2,56% (2/78). Não houve casos de pancreatite aguda após o procedimento no grupo que recebeu diclofenaco via retal (0/52). Apesar de não haver diferença estatística entre estes grupos analisados separadamente, quando os dois grupos terapêuticos são analisados em conjunto estes apresentam diferenças estatísticas na prevenção da PPC (P=0,037). CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo foi capaz de corroborar a eficácia da utilização de AINEs para a profilaxia de pancreatite pós-CPRE.

Pancreaticoduodenectomy in the Setting of Pre-operative Post Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Acute Pancreatitis: Intraoperative Challenges and Post-operative Outcome

Background: Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in the setting of preoperative post-ERCP acute pancreatitis (PAP) might pose significant challenges and leads to higher morbidity as compared to those without acute pancreatitis. The aim of the study was to study patients undergoing PD and compare intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes in patients with and without preoperative PAP. Methods: We retrospectively analysed 20 patients who underwent PD from January 2015 to July 2017. Out of these, 2 patients had preoperative PAP following endoscopic biliary drainage for cholangitis.This group was compared with the rest 18 patients (control group) in terms of patient characteristics, operative variables and postoperative outcomes. Postoperative outcomes and overall complication rate, specifically hemorrhage, delayed gastric emptying and pancreatic fistula were noted. The postoperative complications in stented (n=9) and non-stented (n=11) patients were studied. Risk factors for pancreatic fistula were analysed in entire study population. (n=20). Results: PAP was found in 2 out of 20 patients (10%). The number of complications were higher in the PAP group (8/2) compared to control group (20/18). The ICU stay, delayed gastric emptying (DGE)and postoperative stay was higher in PAP group. There was one perioperative mortality due to grade C pancreatic fistula in the control group. Overall as well as infectious complications, were not statistically different in stented versus non-stented group. Soft pancreas(p=0.001) and non-dialted pancreatic duct (p=0.004) were significantly associated with pancreatic fistula. Conclusion: PD in the setting of PAP is feasible, albeit associated with more frequent complications, prolonged ICU and hospital stay.

Management Modalities of Choledocholithiasis: Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Versus Open Common Bile Duct Exploration and Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Background and Objective : Common bile duct stone typically requires surgical intervention, which primarily involves open CBD exploration + Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and laparoscopic CBD exploration. Open CBD exploration has multiple complications, high mortality rate and long recovery time. Methodology : A total of 50 cases presenting as choledocholithiasis between July 2018 to August 2020 were taken for study. 1st group of 20 patients underwent open cholecystectomy with open CBD exploration. 2nd group of 20 patients underwent ERCP followed by interval (6 weeks) laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Results : ERCP found to be better when compared with open CBD exploration in terms of less post-operative complications (5% in ERCP vs 20% in Open CBD exploration) and less mean duration of hospital stay(5 days in ERCP vs 8 days in Open CBD exploration). Interpretation and Conclusion : For management of CBD stone patient, gold standard treatment is ERCP followed by Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. While in patients with incomplete clearance of CBD stone after ERCP, CBD exploration either laparoscopically or by open approach should be preferred. While in patients with CBD stone greater than 2 cm size, direct open CBD exploration is the preferred option380008

Derivación biliodigestiva guiada por ultrasonografía endoscópica en el paciente con adenocarcinoma de páncreas y obstrucción de la vía biliar estadio IV: reporte de caso / Biliodigestive shunt guided by endoscopic ultrasonography in patient with stage IV pancreatic adenocarcinoma and obstruction of the bile duct. A case report

Resumen La endosonografía endoscópica es una alternativa que sirve como guía para la realización de derivaciones biliodigestivas en los casos en los que la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) ha fallado. Se han descrito técnicas como la coledocoduodenostomía o coledocoantrostomía guiadas por ultrasonografía endoscópica (USE). Se describe el caso de una paciente de 72 años con adenocarcinoma de páncreas, compromiso portal y de paredes duodenales, en quien se usó la CPRE para intentar una derivación paliativa y fue fallida, por lo cual se realizó la colocación de un stent metálico guiado por endosonografía endoscópica, con adecuada respuesta clínica al tratamiento. En conclusión, el procedimiento es seguro y la endosonografía es una vía alterna efectiva en los casos de CPRE fallidas para lograr derivaciones biliares en casos de obstrucción de la vía biliar de origen maligno.

Abstract Endoscopic endosonography is an alternative to guide biliodigestive shunting in cases where endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) has failed. Techniques such as choledoduodenostomy or choledochoantrostomy guided by endoscopic ultrasonography have been described. This is the case of a 72-year-old patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma, portal vein and duodenal wall involvement, in whom ERCP to try a palliative shunt failed. Therefore, a metal stent was placed using endoscopic endosonography, with adequate clinical response to the procedure and treatment. It is concluded that the procedure is safe and that endosonography is an effective alternative in cases of ERCP failure to achieve biliary bypass in cases of malignant biliary obstruction.

Effects of the timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography on liver, bile, and inflammatory indices and cholecysto-choledocholithiasis patient prognoses

OBJECTIVES: This study explored the effects of the timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) on liver function, bile biochemical indices, inflammatory reactions, and cholecysto-choledocholithiasis patient prognoses. METHODS: A total of 103 cholecysto-choledocholithiasis patients were stratified into control (CG; n=51; LC at 4-7 d after ERCP) and observation groups (OG; n=52; LC at 1-3 d after ERCP) using a random number table. RESULTS: The surgical time was shorter and intraoperative blood loss was less in OG than in CG, and the two groups were not statistically different in terms of time to the first passage of gas through anus, length of postoperative hospital stay, conversion rate to laparotomy, and stone-free rate. Four weeks after LC, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBil), albumin (ALB), and glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) levels declined in both groups, but the difference was not statistically significant. Three days after LC, total bile acid (TBA) levels increased, and cholesterol (CHO), unconjugated bilirubin (UCB), and TBiL levels were reduced in both groups, but were not statistically different (p>0.05). Three days after LC, interleukin (IL)-6, procalcitonin (PCT), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels in the serum and bile increased in both groups and were lower in OG. The total incidence of perioperative complications was 1.92% in OG, which was lower than 15.69% in the CG. CONCLUSION: For cholecysto-choledocholithiasis patients, LC at 1-3 d after ERCP can shorten surgical times, reduce intraoperative blood loss, improve liver function and bile biochemistry, relieve inflammatory reactions, reduce complications, and improve prognoses.

Preliminary study of early diagnosis by contrast-enhanced ultrasound combined with mesenchymal stem cell therapy in improving prognosis of biliary ischemia after liver transplantation / 器官移植

Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy of early diagnosis by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) combined with mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy in the treatment of biliary ischemia after liver transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 9 recipients presenting with biliary ischemia detected by CEUS within 4 weeks after liver transplantation and diagnosed with non-anastomotic biliary stricture (NAS) within postoperative 1 year were retrospectively analyzed. In the conventional treatment group, 4 recipients were treated with conventional treatment including liver protection, cholagogic therapy and interventional therapy. In MSC treatment group, 5 recipients received intravenous infusion of MSC at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after biliary ischemia detected by CEUS on the basis of conventional therapy. The interventional treatment and clinical prognosis within 1 year after liver transplantation were analyzed between two groups. Results Two recipients in the MSC treatment group required interventional therapy, which was initially given at 7-9 months after liver transplantation for 1-2 times. All recipients in the conventional treatment group required interventional therapy, which was initially delivered at postoperative 1-3 months for 2-6 times, earlier than that in the MSC treatment group. Within 1 year following liver transplantation, diffuse bile duct injury occurred in 2 recipients in MSC treatment group, and no graft dysfunction was observed. In the conventional treatment group, all recipients developed diffuse bile duct injury, and 2 recipients presented with graft dysfunction. Conclusions Early diagnosis of biliary ischemia after liver transplantation by CEUS combined with MSC therapy may delay and reduce the requirement of interventional therapy for NAS, and also improve clinical prognosis of the recipients.